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In chess, a blunder is a very bad move. It is usually caused by some tactical oversight, whether from time trouble, overconfidence or carelessness. While a blunder may seem like a stroke of luck for the opposing player, some chess players give their opponent plenty of opportunities to blunder. What qualifies as a "blunder" rather than a normal mistake is somewhat subjective. A weak move from a novice player might be explained by the player's lack of skill, while the same move from a master might be called a blunder. In chess annotation, blunders are typically marked with a double question mark, "??", after the move. Especially among amateur and novice players, blunders often occur because of a faulty thought process where they do not consider the opponent's forcing moves. In particular, checks, captures, and threats need to be considered at each move. Neglecting these possibilities leaves a player vulnerable to simple tactical errors.〔The principle of looking for checks, captures, and threats are repeated often by Dan Heisman, see e.g. and 〕 One technique formerly recommended to avoid blunders was to write down the planned move on the scoresheet, then take one last look before making it.〔"When you have finished analyzing all the variations and gone along all the branches of the tree of analysis you must first of all write the move down on your score sheet, before you play it." Alexander Kotov, ''Think Like a Grandmaster'', Chess Digest, 1971, pp. 73–74.〕〔Simon Webb, ''Chess for Tigers'' (3rd ed. 2005), pp. 121–22.〕 This practice was not uncommon even at the grandmaster level.〔Webb wrote of the practice, "You've seen other players doing it". Webb 2005, p. 121.〕 However, in 2005 the International Chess Federation (FIDE) banned it, instead requiring that the move be made before being written down.〔(FIDE Laws of Chess ), see article 8.1 on recording of the moves〕〔The editors of ''Chess for Tigers'' noted that after author Webb had submitted his manuscript, "FIDE ... passed new laws forbidding a player to write moves down in advance and also insisting that a player's scoresheet be visible to the arbiter throughout the game". Webb 2005, p. 6.〕 The US Chess Federation also implemented this rule, effective as of January 1, 2007 (a change to rule 15A),〔(The United States Chess Federation )〕 although it is not universally enforced. ==Grandmaster examples== Strong players, even grandmasters, occasionally make elementary blunders. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Blunder (chess)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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